Sociolect

Labov
1) Martha's Vineyard:

• Non-standard adoption of diphthong sounds, to conform to a native image =  covert prestige
• Youth established a separate social identity from tourist population
• Reverse social mobility: adopt linguistics of social group (fishermen) of lower social status

2) Department Store Study:

• Social stratification of post-vocalic 'r'
• Working class department store, Kleins, omitted use of PVR; upper-middle class store 'Saks 5th Avenue' = used 78% of time
• Stratified by class
• Upper classes used PVR to differentiate themselves from lower classes
• Ironically adopting feature similar to West Country England, negatively perceived in UK; positive connotation in USA

Basil Bernstein

Restricted code: lower-class

• Limited vocabulary
• Simple syntax
• Inclusive pronouns- mutual solidarity
• Deictical terms, language heavily context driven

Elaborated code: upper-middle class

• Sophisticated vocabulary
• Complex syntax
• Egocentric language- first person pronouns
• Rhetoric/eloquence (e.g. politics) - fluent/persuasive speech 

Linked to education, wealth, social prestige

CODE-SWITCHING: ability to switch between codes

SOCIAL MOBILITY = moving between social classes as a result of language use

• From restricted to elaborated: extend career opportunities, education
• Connotations to influence, power, academia, intelligence
• From elaborated to restricted: rhetoric extends to a wider audience
• Reach out to lower-classes, establish solidarity 

Trudgill:

Norwich study

Non-standard inflexion 'en' substitutes standatd suffix 'ing' within verbs in continuous progressive tense

Establish covert prestige amongst males and lower classes