Lexis and Semantics: Basics

Conjunction: and, but, though

Preposition: deixis, relation to time/place 'there, here, at, on'

Pronoun types:

• Personal
• Subjective- the person committing the action: 'I, you, he, she'
• Objective- the person affected: 'you, me, him, her'
• Possessive- 'mine'
• Reflexive - myself, herself
• Demonstrative- this, these, that
• Relative- who, which

First person, Second person, Third person, singular, plural

Nouns:

• Proper- names
• Abstract - states, feelings, no physical existence
• love, pain
• Concrete- physical existence
• Table
• Collective
• Sheep

Verb:

• Material verb: describe action/event
• hit, run
• FORM DYNAMIC VERB PHRASES
• Relational: state of being
• be, become, appear
• Stative
• Think, believe, feel
• FORM STATIVE VERB PROCESSES
• Auxillary verb
• Modal- can
• Primary- have
• Modal verbs:
• Epistemic- based on evidence/belief, 'it must be raining now' (hears rain)
• Denotonic- circumstantial modality, relies on rules 'you must not drink and drive'

Adjectives:

• Base
• small
• Comparative
• smaller - suffix = er
• Superlative
• smallest - suffix =est

Lexical cohesion:

Conjunctions/ lexical connectors: form co-ordinating clause

• Addition: 
• And, too
• Consequence
• Therefore
• Comparative
• Similarly
• Temporal
• Later, next
• Enumeration
• Secondly, finally
• Summative
• In conclusion, finally

Anaphoric referencing- using pronouns to refer to an already stated lexical item

• Maintain lexical cohesion

Cataphoric referencing- using pronouns to forward reference to something not yet clarified

Substitution: replacing words, avoid awkward repetition: maintain lexical cohesion

Synonyms:

• Euphemisms: polite, avoid 'taboo' = socially acceptable
• Dysphemisms: harsh, 'taboo'

Hyponym: Subordinate term, more specific

Hypernym: Superordinate term, more broad

Polysemic: same word, multiple meanings (homonyms)

Figurative language= conceptual metaphors